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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are essential components of our bodies. Proteins are involved in many biological processes, including muscle contraction, cell signaling, and immune response. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide, which can then fold into a specific 3D structure to form a functional protein. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is determined by our genetic code, which specifies the order of nucleotides in our DNA. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, such as valine (Val) or lysine (Lys). There are 20 common amino acids that make up most proteins, but there are also rare amino acids that can be found in some specialized proteins. One important feature of amino acids is their side chains, which can vary in size, shape, and chemical properties. These side chains can interact with each other and with the environment to influence the folding and function of the protein. For example, some side chains are hydrophobic (water-repelling) and tend to be buried inside the protein, while others are hydrophilic (water-loving) and tend to be exposed on the surface. One common way to represent a polypeptide sequence is with a one-letter code, where each amino acid is assigned a single letter abbreviation. For example, the sequence of the small protein ubiquitin is represented as MQLRRLAENSM. This sequence can be further analyzed to predict the secondary structure of the protein, which refers to the regular repeating patterns of hydrogen bonds between the amino acids. One common secondary structure is the alpha helix, which is a right-handed coil formed by hydrogen bonding between the backbone amino and carbonyl groups. This structure is stabilized by the side chains pointing outward, away from the helix axis. Another common structure is the beta sheet, which is a repeating strand arrangement formed by hydrogen bonding between adjacent strands. This structure is stabilized by the side chains pointing perpendicular to the sheet plane. In conclusion, the long chains of amino acids that make up proteins are essential for life as we know it. The specific sequence of amino acids and their interactions with each other determine the folding and function of the protein. By understanding these fundamental principles, we can gain insight into the complex processes that occur in our bodies and in the natural world.
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Amino acids bond acid name chain peptide joins example socratic end dehydration formed removal which. What are long chains of amino acids called?. Amino acids long chains called protein proteins